FALSIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS

The article examines document forgery. It analyzes its types, and also studied the signs that can be used to recognize a fake document. Key words: falsification, document, perpetrator, forgery, forgery methods.

Document forgery has always been and remains one of the most important problems. Everything from travel tickets to falsification of important official documents has been falsified. Forgeries threaten the work of public authorities, companies and organisations. In other words, they interfere with the normal functioning of the whole system. A fraudulent document is a forged document that has been produced in a prescribed form or a genuine document that has been altered by an intruder.

The most commonly forged documents are those recorded on paper. This is because they are more common. For their crimes, criminals resort to various methods of falsification. And over time they become more and more sophisticated. There are two types of document forgery: "In the domestic science of criminal law, almost all authors recognize the division of document forgery according to the method of its commission into material (physical) and intellectual.

Intellectual forgery is the creation of a document similar in form to the original, but containing false information. Such a document is difficult to distinguish from the original, it has all the requisites, the form, but the information fixed in it is false.б Forgery with material forgery is an illegal change of already existing document, inclusion of false information in it.

A document of this kind has an absolute and a relative age. Absolute age is the length of time a document has existed, starting when it was created. Relative age is the time when the document was falsified.

Material forgery is divided into total forgery and partial forgery. For example, if individual alterations have been made to a document, this qualifies as partial forgery. If the entire document has been forged by fraudsters, it is a complete forgery.

For partial document forgery fraudsters use different methods: erasure, etching, addition, replacement of pages and words, correction of separate letters, re-gluing of photos.

Forgery is a mechanical impact on a document. Through this method, attackers remove unwanted parts of the text. They may use needles, blades or an eraser for this purpose.

Using an eraser creates dark spots on the document, in which particles of rubber can be detected when enlarged. Erasure can be recognized by the following features: scratching of paper surface; ruffling of paper fibers; damage of protective screen lines; loss of luster of paper; paper thinning in some places; blotting of ink on erasure place. Chemical agents such as acids, bases, reducing agents and oxidising agents are used in etching. These agents discolour or destroy the ink. Characteristic features of this method of counterfeiting: paper brittleness, discolouration of the paper, stains, colour differences.

One of the most common types of typing is an addendum or an overprint. The essence of this method is to change the content of a document by inserting letters, words or numbers into the empty spaces between the lines.

In order to identify the spelling or overprinting it is necessary to pay attention to: the difference in layout and configuration of the typescript; different spacing between words in the text; different underlines in the document; thickened strokes, extra elements; the difference in colour of the document; the presence of contradictions in the text; the difference in the luminescence of the strokes.

The most common means of falsifying identity documents are replacement of parts of text and replacement of photographs. These include a passport, a passport, a certificate, etc.

The main feature of such substitution is the integrity of the document in the places where the pages are bound, visible differences in the printing process, differences in the format of the sheets, the numbering of the pages is not the same, the dyes and paper in the parts of the document are different from each other.

There have been cases where a document has been made from different parts of other documents. It is possible to recognise such falsifications by examining the paper, the text dyes, the underwriting in all parts of the document.

Forgeries of seals and stamps are also not uncommon. Criminals make stamps on rubber, use wet printing or copying through an intermediate stamp.

The purpose of counterfeiting seals and stamps is to give an official appearance to a false document. This occurs when making various kinds of certificates from organizations, institutions and enterprises that do not exist.

Signatures are forged by means of copy paper or by imitating a genuine signature by hand if it is quite simple, wet copying is used.

Wet copying transfers the ink from the original signature to the forged document. Wet or sticky material is used. When the ink particles come into contact with it, they are transferred to that material and printed on the new medium, leaving mirror-like marks.

One of the most pressing problems today is the counterfeiting of electronic documents. False information is put into them using graphics editors and specialised software.

Classical methods of exposing such forgeries are ineffective. Therefore, special computer algorithms are being developed for this purpose to detect text forgery in electronic documents.

Document forgery is a crime. Penalties for document forgery are set out in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Documents are indispensable satellites of modern society. Technical progress is advancing; new means of printing and copying documents are being created. And, unfortunately, these technologies fall into the hands of the wrongdoers. They become a weapon to cheat and forge documents.

There are many ways to counterfeit documents but all of them can be identified by their characteristics.

The problem of falsification is currently one of the most pressing. It is therefore a priority to develop new ways to protect against fraudsters.